Elaine Ku, MD, MAS

Center Director
Medicine

The global context of my research program focuses on understanding differences in the epidemiology, clinical management, and outcomes of children versus adults with kidney disease and the conduct of clinical trials to test interventions (such as blood pressure control) that will improve survival of patients with kidney disease. I am especially interested in transitions of care, such as that between adolescence and young adulthood, as well as that between advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (including dialysis and transplant).

My specific areas of focus currently include 1) cardiovascular risk in patients with kidney disease; 2) disparities in access to kidney transplantation and transplant outcomes; and 3) risk factors for progression of chronic kidney disease.

I am currently Director of the Training in Clinical Research Program in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Publications: 

US Renal Data System 2023 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Johansen KL, Gilbertson DT, Li S, Li S, Liu J, Roetker NS, Ku E, Schulman IH, Greer RC, Chan K, Abbott KC, Butler CR, O'Hare AM, Powe NR, Reddy YNV, Snyder J, St Peter W, Taylor JS, Weinhandl ED, Wetmore JB

Authors' Reply: Prioritizing Skills for Optimal Peritoneal Dialysis Care: A Focus Beyond Specialty.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Ku E, McCulloch CE, Copeland TP, Johansen KL

Post-Trial Follow-Up of Kidney Outcomes in SPRINT: Some Reassurance, Some Unanswered Questions.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN

Ku E, Sarnak M

Diabetes Insipidus in Deceased Donors and Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Nunez M, Gardner J, Syed S, Webber A, Shoji J, Copeland TP, McCulloch CE, Ku E, Roll GR

Strategies to Guide Preemptive Waitlisting and Equity in Wait Time Accrual by Race/Ethnicity.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN

Ku E, Copeland T, Chen L, Weir MR, McCulloch CE, Johansen KL, Goussous N, Savant JD, Lopez I, Amaral S

Peritoneal dialysis catheter complications after insertion by surgeons, radiologists, or nephrologists.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Ku E, Copeland T, McCulloch CE, Freise C, Legaspi S, Weinhandl E, Woo K, Johansen KL

Association Between Dialysis Facility Ownership and Mortality Risk in Children With Kidney Failure.

JAMA pediatrics

Ku E, McCulloch CE, Bicki A, Lin F, Lopez I, Furth SL, Warady BA, Grimes BA, Amaral S

Rurality of patient residence and access to transplantation among children with kidney failure in the United States.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

Accetta-Rojas G, McCulloch CE, Whelan AM, Copeland TP, Grimes BA, Ku E

Association Between Transplant Center Continuity and Access to a Second Kidney Transplant in Patients With Allograft Failure.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Emanuels D, Copeland T, Johansen KL, Brar S, McCulloch CE, Kadatz M, Gill JS, Ku E

What's the Weather Like Today? Forecasting a Chance of Shower, Snow, and… Missing Dialysis.

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

Dhiraj Nallapothula, Elaine Ku

Acute Declines in Estimated GFR in Blood Pressure Target Trials and Risk of Adverse Outcomes.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Ku E, McCulloch CE, Copeland TP, Inker LA, Tighiouart H, Sarnak MJ

Novel Anemia Therapies in Chronic Kidney Disease: Conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference.

Kidney international

Ku E, Del Vecchio L, Eckardt KU, Haase VH, Johansen KL, Nangaku M, Tangri N, Waikar SS, Wiecek A, Cheung M, Jadoul M, Winkelmayer WC, Wheeler DC, for Conference Participants

Authors' Reply: A Specific Target BP in Chronic Kidney Disease Remains Unclear.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Ku E, McCulloch CE, Sarnak MJ

US Renal Data System 2022 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Johansen KL, Chertow GM, Gilbertson DT, Ishani A, Israni A, Ku E, Li S, Li S, Liu J, Obrador GT, Schulman I, Chan K, Abbott KC, O'Hare AM, Powe NR, Roetker NS, Scherer JS, St Peter W, Snyder J, Winkelmayer WC, Wong SPY, Wetmore JB

Intensive BP Control in Patients with CKD and Risk for Adverse Outcomes.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Ku E, McCulloch CE, Inker LA, Tighiouart H, Schaefer F, W?hl E, Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G, Grimes BA, Sarnak MJ

Kidney transplant access for children and young adults with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.

International urology and nephrology

Wei J, Showen A, Bicki A, Lin F, McCulloch CE, Ku E, Hampson LA

Comparison of 2021 CKD-EPI Equations for Estimating Racial Differences in Preemptive Waitlisting for Kidney Transplantation.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN

Ku E, Amaral S, McCulloch CE, Adey DB, Li L, Johansen KL

Incidence and Risk Factors for Dialysis Reinitiation among Patients with a History of Dialysis Dependency.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN

Ku E, Hsu RK, McCulloch CE, Lo L, Copeland T, Siyahian S, Grimes B, Johansen KL

Kidney Transplantation in the Setting of Prolonged Dialysis Vintage: It's About Time.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Whelan AM, Dinh A, Ku E

US Renal Data System 2021 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Johansen KL, Chertow GM, Gilbertson DT, Herzog CA, Ishani A, Israni AK, Ku E, Li S, Li S, Liu J, Obrador GT, O'Hare AM, Peng Y, Powe NR, Roetker NS, St Peter WL, Saeed F, Snyder J, Solid C, Weinhandl ED, Winkelmayer WC, Wetmore JB

Kidney transplant candidacy evaluation and waitlisting practices in the US and their association with access to transplantation.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Whelan AM, Johansen KL, Copeland T, McCulloch CE, Nallapothula D, Lee BK, Roll GR, Weir MR, Adey DB, Ku E

KDOQI US Commentary on the 2021 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in CKD.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Drawz PE, Beddhu S, Bignall ONR, Cohen JB, Flynn JT, Ku E, Rahman M, Thomas G, Weir MR, Whelton PK

Expedited Evaluation for Liver Transplantation: A Critical Look at Processes and Outcomes.

Clinical transplantation

Braun HJ, Mello A, Kothari R, Ku E, Yilma M, Tavakol M, Zhang L, Niemann CU, Ascher NL, Adelmann D

Religious Service Attendance and Mortality among Adults in the United States with Chronic Kidney Disease.

International journal of environmental research and public health

Bruce MA, Thorpe RJ, Kermah D, Shen J, Nicholas SB, Beech BM, Tuot DS, Ku E, Waterman AD, Duru K, Brown A, Norris KC

Lower Extremity Vascular Intervention Is Associated With Increased Mortality Following Kidney Transplantation.

Journal of Vascular Surgery

Hillary J. Braun, Iris H. Liu, Dominic Amara, Peter Stock, Libo Li, Elaine Ku, Jade Hiramoto

Bariatric surgery prior to transplantation and risk of early hospital re-admission, graft failure, or death following kidney transplantation.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Ku E, McCulloch CE, Roll GR, Posselt A, Grimes BA, Johansen KL

Discordances between pediatric and adult thresholds in the diagnosis of hypertension in adolescents with CKD.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

Black E, Lee J, Flynn JT, McCulloch CE, Samuels JA, Seth D, Warady B, Furth S, Mitsnefes M, Ku E

Intensive Home Blood Pressure Lowering in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol.

Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials

Se Ri Bae, Charles E McCulloch, Raymond K Hsu, Elaine Ku

US Renal Data System 2020 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Johansen KL, Chertow GM, Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, Herzog CA, Ishani A, Israni AK, Ku E, Kurella Tamura M, Li S, Li S, Liu J, Obrador GT, O'Hare AM, Peng Y, Powe NR, Roetker NS, St Peter WL, Abbott KC, Chan KE, Schulman IH, Snyder J, Solid C, Weinhandl ED, Winkelmayer WC, Wetmore JB

Association between Longer Travel Distance for Transplant Care and Access to Kidney Transplantation and Graft Survival in the United States.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Whelan AM, Johansen KL, Brar S, McCulloch CE, Adey DB, Roll GR, Grimes B, Ku E

Renal Recovery and Mortality Risk among Patients with Hepatorenal Syndrome Receiving Chronic Maintenance Dialysis.

Kidney360

McAllister S, Lai JC, Copeland TP, Johansen KL, McCulloch CE, Kwong YD, Seth D, Grimes B, Ku E

Racial Disparities in Eligibility for Preemptive Waitlisting for Kidney Transplantation and Modification of eGFR Thresholds to Equalize Waitlist Time.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Ku E, McCulloch CE, Adey DB, Li L, Johansen KL

Acute eGFR declines after intensive BP lowering with RAS blockade and risk of kidney failure.

Journal of human hypertension

McCallum W, Sarnak MJ, Lin F, Ku E

Sex Disparity in Deceased-Donor Kidney Transplant Access by Cause of Kidney Disease.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN

Ahearn P, Johansen KL, Tan JC, McCulloch CE, Grimes BA, Ku E

Predicting long-term kidney allograft outcomes: pitfalls and progress.

Kidney international

Dinh A, McCulloch CE, Ku E

Factors Associated with Dialysis Discontinuation Outside of the Acute Care Setting.

Kidney360

Roberts MJ, Johansen KL, Copeland TP, McCulloch CE, Coufal S, Ku E

Weighing the waitlist: Weight changes and access to kidney transplantation among obese candidates.

PloS one

Ku E, Whelan AM, McCulloch CE, Lee B, Niemann CU, Roll GR, Grimes BA, Johansen KL

The Kidney Failure Risk Equation for Prediction of Allograft Loss in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Kidney medicine

Chu CD, Ku E, Fallahzadeh MK, McCulloch CE, Tuot DS

Longer Distance From Dialysis Facility to Transplant Center Is Associated With Lower Access to Kidney Transplantation.

Transplantation direct

Whelan AM, Johansen KL, McCulloch CE, Adelmann D, Niemann CU, Roll GR, Siyahian S, Grimes B, Ku E

Estimation of Albumin-Creatinine Ratio From Protein-Creatinine Ratio in Urine of Children and Adolescents With CKD.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Schneider MF, Muñoz A, Ku E, Warady BA, Furth SL, Schwartz GJ

Community-Based Epidemiology of Hospitalized Acute Kidney Injury.

Pediatrics

Parikh RV, Tan TC, Salyer AS, Auron A, Kim PS, Ku E, Go AS

Recovery of Kidney Function Among Patients With Glomerular Disease Starting Maintenance Dialysis.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Kwong YD, Liu KD, Hsu RK, Johansen KL, McCulloch CE, Seth D, Fallahzadeh MK, Grimes BA, Ku E

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Kidney Transplant Access within a Theoretical Context of Medical Eligibility.

Transplantation

Ku E, Lee BK, McCulloch CE, Roll GR, Grimes B, Adey D, Johansen KL

eHealth in kidney care.

Nature reviews. Nephrology

Wang CS, Ku E

Trends in Living Donation by Race and Ethnicity Among Children With End-stage Renal Disease in the United States, 1995-2015.

Transplantation direct

Amaral S, McCulloch CE, Black E, Winnicki E, Lee B, Roll GR, Grimes B, Ku E

Pre-transplant dialysis exposure and outcomes after kidney transplantation - where quantity and quality intersect?

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Dinh A, Ku E

Should Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade Be Avoided in Patients With Declining Kidney Function?

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Weir MR, Chen DC, Ku E

Tubular secretion of creatinine and kidney function: an observational study.

BMC nephrology

Zhang X, Rule AD, McCulloch CE, Lieske JC, Ku E, Hsu CY

Prognostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Load in Pediatric CKD.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN

Lee J, McCulloch CE, Flynn JT, Samuels J, Warady BA, Furth SL, Seth D, Grimes BA, Mitsnefes MM, Ku E

Association Between APOL1 Genotype and Need for Kidney Replacement Therapy in Patients Without Diabetes: Does Age Matter?

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Wei J, Johansen KL, McCulloch CE, Lipkowitz M, Weir M, Lin F, Campese VM, Smogorzewski M, Ku E

Race and Mortality in CKD and Dialysis: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Ku E, Yang W, McCulloch CE, Feldman HI, Go AS, Lash J, Bansal N, He J, Horwitz E, Ricardo AC, Shafi T, Sondheimer J, Townsend RR, Waikar SS, Hsu CY

Authors' Reply.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Winnicki E, McCulloch CE, Ku E

Use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in kidney transplant recipients.

Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association

Whelan AM, Ku E

Effect of Blood Pressure Control on Long-Term Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease and Death Among Subgroups of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease.

Journal of the American Heart Association

Ku E, Sarnak MJ, Toto R, McCulloch CE, Lin F, Smogorzewski M, Hsu CY

Higher eGFR at Dialysis Initiation Is Not Associated with a Survival Benefit in Children.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Winnicki E, Johansen KL, Cabana MD, Warady BA, McCulloch CE, Grimes B, Ku E

Trends in Kidney Function Outcomes Following RAAS Inhibition in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

McCallum W, Tighiouart H, Ku E, Salem D, Sarnak MJ

Starting Renal Replacement Therapy: Is It About Time?

American journal of nephrology

Ku E, McCulloch CE, Johansen KL

Cardiovascular disease in young adults with incident ESRD.

Nature reviews. Nephrology

Ku E, Mitsnefes MM

More Evidence to Suggest a Relation of Blood Pressure to Long-term Progression of Kidney Disease: Is It Causal?

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

McCallum W, Ku E, Sarnak MJ

Magnitude of the Difference Between Clinic and Ambulatory Blood Pressures and Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease.

Journal of the American Heart Association

Ku E, Hsu RK, Tuot DS, Bae SR, Lipkowitz MS, Smogorzewski MJ, Grimes BA, Weir MR

Association between BMI changes and mortality risk in children with end-stage renal disease.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

Roberts MJ, Mitsnefes MM, McCulloch CE, Greenbaum LA, Grimes BA, Ku E

Hypertension in CKD: Core Curriculum 2019.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Ku E, Lee BJ, Wei J, Weir MR

Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adolescents.

Adolescents with Chronic Kidney Disease

Elaine Ku, Jonas Kwok

Sex Disparities in Risk of Mortality Among Children With ESRD.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Ahearn P, Johansen KL, McCulloch CE, Grimes BA, Ku E

Depressive Symptoms Associate With Race and All-Cause Mortality in Patients With CKD.

Kidney international reports

Tuot DS, Lin F, Norris K, Gassman J, Smogorzewski M, Ku E

Use of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade in Advanced CKD: An NKF-KDOQI Controversies Report.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Weir MR, Lakkis JI, Jaar B, Rocco MV, Choi MJ, Kramer HJ, Ku E

Acute Declines in Renal Function during Intensive BP Lowering and Long-Term Risk of Death.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Ku E, Ix JH, Jamerson K, Tangri N, Lin F, Gassman J, Smogorzewski M, Sarnak MJ

Time-Centered Approach to Understanding Risk Factors for the Progression of CKD.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN

Ku E, Johansen KL, McCulloch CE

Changes in Blood Pressure During Young Adulthood and Subsequent Kidney Function Decline: Findings From the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adulthood (CARDIA) Study.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Ku E, Vittinghoff E, Jacobs DR, Lewis CE, Allen NB, Bibbins-Domingo K, Shlipak M, Kramer H, Peralta CA

Twenty-Four-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure versus Clinic Blood Pressure Measurements and Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Children with CKD.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN

Ku E, McCulloch CE, Warady BA, Furth SL, Grimes BA, Mitsnefes MM

Longitudinal Weight Change During CKD Progression and Its Association With Subsequent Mortality.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Ku E, Kopple JD, Johansen KL, McCulloch CE, Go AS, Xie D, Lin F, Hamm LL, He J, Kusek JW, Navaneethan SD, Ricardo AC, Rincon-Choles H, Smogorzewski M, Hsu CY

Associations Between Weight Loss, Kidney Function Decline, and Risk of ESRD in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Cohort Study.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Ku E, Kopple JD, McCulloch CE, Warady BA, Furth SL, Mak RH, Grimes BA, Mitsnefes M

Patterns of blood pressure response during intensive BP lowering and clinical events: results from the secondary prevention of small subcortical strokes trial.

Blood pressure

Ku E, Scherzer R, Odden MC, Shlipak M, White CL, Field TS, Benavente O, Pergola PE, Peralta CA

Acute Declines in Renal Function during Intensive BP Lowering: Implications for Future ESRD Risk.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Ku E, Bakris G, Johansen KL, Lin F, Sarnak MJ, Campese VM, Jamerson K, Gassman JJ, Smogorzewski M, Hsu CY

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Survival of Children with ESRD.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Ku E, McCulloch CE, Grimes BA, Johansen KL

Strict blood pressure control associates with decreased mortality risk by APOL1 genotype.

Kidney international

Ku E, Lipkowitz MS, Appel LJ, Parsa A, Gassman J, Glidden DV, Smogorzewski M, Hsu CY

Association Between Blood Pressure and Adverse Renal Events in Type 1 Diabetes.

Diabetes care

Ku E, McCulloch CE, Mauer M, Gitelman SE, Grimes BA, Hsu CY

BP Control and Long-Term Risk of ESRD and Mortality.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Ku E, Gassman J, Appel LJ, Smogorzewski M, Sarnak MJ, Glidden DV, Bakris G, Gutiérrez OM, Hebert LA, Ix JH, Lea J, Lipkowitz MS, Norris K, Ploth D, Pogue VA, Rostand SG, Siew ED, Sika M, Tisher CC, Toto R, Wright JT, Wyatt C, Hsu CY

Height at First RRT and Mortality in Children.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN

Ku E, Fine RN, Hsu CY, McCulloch C, Glidden DV, Grimes B, Johansen KL

Change in Measured GFR Versus eGFR and CKD Outcomes.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Ku E, Xie D, Shlipak M, Hyre Anderson A, Chen J, Go AS, He J, Horwitz EJ, Rahman M, Ricardo AC, Sondheimer JH, Townsend RR, Hsu CY

Association of Body Mass Index with Patient-Centered Outcomes in Children with ESRD.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

Ku E, Glidden DV, Hsu CY, Portale AA, Grimes B, Johansen KL

Association between strict blood pressure control during chronic kidney disease and lower mortality after onset of end-stage renal disease.

Kidney international

Ku E, Glidden DV, Johansen KL, Sarnak M, Tighiouart H, Grimes B, Hsu CY

Index of suspicion. Case 1: fever, diarrhea, jaundice, and confusion in an 18-year-old male. Case 2: severe anemia in a 6-month-old girl. Case 3: red urine in a 4-month-old boy.

Pediatrics in review

Ku E, Thomas M, Ho CH, Whipple NS, Abdul-Rahman O, Megason GC, Herrington BL, Carmody JB, Charlton JR

Regional variation in the incidence of dialysis-requiring AKI in the United States.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN

Hsu RK, McCulloch CE, Ku E, Dudley RA, Hsu CY

Is lipid management effective for all stages of CKD?.

Blood purification

Ku E, Campese V

Do HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve kidney function? The saga continues.

Journal of nephrology

Campese VM, Ku E, Bigazzi R, Bianchi S

Metabolic and Dietary Influences on Sympathetic Nervous System Activity.

Nutritional and Metabolic Bases of Cardiovascular Disease

Elaine Ku, Tanzina Nasreen, Jeanie Park, Vito M. Campese

Sympathetic renal innervation and resistant hypertension.

International journal of hypertension

Campese VM, Ku E, Park J

Aldosterone in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and proteinuria.

Current hypertension reports

Lu Y, Ku E, Campese VM

Visual Diagnosis.

Pediatrics in review

Elaine Ku, B. Jason Brotherton, Christopher Parrish, Stephanie K. Zia, Susan McKenna

Visual diagnosis: vaginal mass in a 16-month-old child.

Pediatrics in review

Ku E, Brotherton BJ, Parrish C, Zia SK, McKenna S

Aldosterone and hypertension in African Americans.

American journal of hypertension

Ku E, Campese VM

The Case for Dual Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibition—Reply.

JAMA Internal Medicine

Elaine Ku, Jeanie Park, Jay Vidhun, Vito Campese

Anion and osmolal gaps after alcohol intoxication.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Ku E, Cheung EL, Khan A, Yu AS

The hazards of dual renin-angiotensin blockade in chronic kidney disease.

Archives of internal medicine

Ku E, Park J, Vidhun J, Campese V

Lixivaptan: a novel vasopressin receptor antagonist.

Expert opinion on investigational drugs

Ku E, Nobakht N, Campese VM